Varroosis in Apis mellifera: Global Status and Health Challenges

Abstract

Varroosis, caused by the mite Varroa destructor, currently represents one of the main threats to the health of honey bees (Apis mellifera). This parasite, in addition to feeding on the fat body tissues of adult bees and larvae, acts as a vector for various viruses, most notably Deformed Wing Virus, which is responsible for deformities, immunosuppression, and colony collapse. In this context, the present review aims to analyze the global sanitary status of varroosis, with an emphasis on its impact in Latin America and particularly in Peru, a country whose beekeeping activity faces serious limitations in terms of monitoring, sanitary management, and access to effective technologies. A total of 20 bibliographic sources corresponding to the period between 2019 and 2025 were analyzed; the scientific articles consulted came from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect and were selected based on relevance criteria. Among the main findings, a sustained increase in mite resistance to conventional acaricides such as flumethrin, amitraz, and coumaphos was identified, as well as the limited effectiveness of current control strategies. Likewise, a growing demand for sustainable solutions was observed, integrating the genetic selection of resistant bees, biotechnical control methods, agroecological approaches, and the active participation of beekeepers. The fight against varroosis requires an integrated approach based on technology, beekeeping education, and public policies adapted to each local reality.