Revista Científica Altoandina de Ciencias Agrarias

Management of the Main Pests of Avocado (Persea americana): A Literature Review

Ruben Elias Yance Janampa — 2025-12-31

Avocado (Persea americana) is one of the fruit crops with the highest economic value in Latin America and stands out for its strong demand in international markets; however, its productive sustainability is threatened by the incidence of various pests that directly affect fruit quality, plant structure, and the root system. This review article aims to critically analyze the main pests affecting avocado and current management strategies from the perspective of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Through a systematic review of 37 scientific sources published between 2015 and 2024, five major pest groups with the greatest impact were identified: Stenoma catenifer, Heilipus lauri, Leucoptera coffeella, Tetranychus urticae, and Meloidogyne spp. Their biological characteristics, effects on production, and the most effective control methods ―such as the use of pheromones, entomopathogenic fungi, and cultural practices― are described in detail. Although IPM offers promising results for sustainable pest control, structural barriers related to technical training, access to biological inputs, and institutional coordination persist. It is concluded that successful phytosanitary management of avocado requires an integrated strategy that combines scientific knowledge, public policies, and the active participation of the agricultural sector.

Use of Agro-Industrial Residues in the Production of Biodegradable Packaging: A Systematic Review

Rocío Candiotti Bonzano — 2025-12-31

The objective of this systematic review was to explore the existing literature on the use of agro-industrial residues in the production of biodegradable packaging. The scientific writing followed the established elements for systematic reviews; the search was conducted across several databases up to May 28, 2024, with a time restriction covering the years 2014 to 2024. Out of a total of 664 studies initially identified, those meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, resulting in a final sample of 37 studies. The analyzed studies highlight that the incorporation of residues such as wood fibers, crop residues, and cellulose nanocrystals improves the mechanical and thermal properties of bioplastics, increasing their biodegradability. In addition, it was observed that some bioplastics can incorporate additional properties, such as antioxidant activity and UV protection. However, limitations were identified related to variability in residue quality and the need to optimize production processes. In conclusion, the use of agro-industrial residues in bioplastics offers a promising solution for environmental sustainability; nevertheless, further research is required to optimize their properties and ensure their economic and environmental viability.

Use of Ozone in Hydroponic Systems for Leafy Vegetables: Recent Evidence and Future Perspectives

William Huamán-Tovar — 2025-12-31

Hydroponic agriculture has become established over recent decades as a sustainable production alternative in response to challenges related to food security, resource-use efficiency, and the growing demand for safe and high-quality food. Within this framework, leafy vegetables such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and chard (Beta vulgaris) are of particular relevance due to their short production cycles, high commercial demand, and significant nutritional value. The objective of this review was to critically analyze recent advances and future perspectives regarding the application of ozone in the hydroponic production of leafy vegetables. To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted using indexed databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SciELO, as well as the Google Scholar platform. Combinations of keywords related to ozone, hydroponics, leafy vegetables, and postharvest quality were employed, while studies not related to hydroponic systems or published outside the established time frame were excluded. The results indicate that ozone, when applied at properly controlled doses, significantly contributes to enhanced plant growth, improved biosecurity of hydroponic systems, and preservation of postharvest quality. However, the evidence also demonstrates that excessive or poorly calibrated exposure can induce oxidative stress and cause tissue damage in crops. In addition, relevant technological advances were identified, including the use of ozone micro- and nanobubbles and their integration with complementary technologies aimed at optimizing application efficiency and safety. Overall, the analyzed literature allows the conclusion that ozone represents a promising tool for the development of sustainable hydroponic systems. Nevertheless, its large-scale adoption requires the standardization of crop-specific application protocols, taking into account dosage, exposure time, and operational conditions, in order to maximize benefits while minimizing adverse effects.

Varroosis in Apis mellifera: Global Status and Health Challenges

Vilma Fany Quiñonez Valladolid — 2025-12-31

Varroosis, caused by the mite Varroa destructor, currently represents one of the main threats to the health of honey bees (Apis mellifera). This parasite, in addition to feeding on the fat body tissues of adult bees and larvae, acts as a vector for various viruses, most notably Deformed Wing Virus, which is responsible for deformities, immunosuppression, and colony collapse. In this context, the present review aims to analyze the global sanitary status of varroosis, with an emphasis on its impact in Latin America and particularly in Peru, a country whose beekeeping activity faces serious limitations in terms of monitoring, sanitary management, and access to effective technologies. A total of 20 bibliographic sources corresponding to the period between 2019 and 2025 were analyzed; the scientific articles consulted came from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect and were selected based on relevance criteria. Among the main findings, a sustained increase in mite resistance to conventional acaricides such as flumethrin, amitraz, and coumaphos was identified, as well as the limited effectiveness of current control strategies. Likewise, a growing demand for sustainable solutions was observed, integrating the genetic selection of resistant bees, biotechnical control methods, agroecological approaches, and the active participation of beekeepers. The fight against varroosis requires an integrated approach based on technology, beekeeping education, and public policies adapted to each local reality.

Scientific Contributions to Sustainability, Innovation, and Health in Agri-Food Systems

Ruggerths Neil De-la-Cruz-Marcos — 2025-12-31

The current complexity of agri-food systems demands integrative scientific approaches that link production, processing, nutrition, health, and environmental sustainability. In a context marked by climate change, pressure on natural resources, the emergence of new sanitary risks, and the need to guarantee food security, agricultural research plays a strategic role in generating applied and relevant knowledge for local territories.

Issue 1(2) of the Revista Científica Altoandina de Ciencias Agrarias (Recialcia), the academic organ of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Acobamba branch, brings together original research and systematic reviews addressing contemporary challenges in the agricultural sector. These works cover agro-industrial, agro-ecological, nutritional, technological, and sanitary perspectives, with an emphasis on rural, High-Andean, and Latin American contexts.

Studies oriented toward food science and technology analyze the influence of the proximal chemical composition of raw materials such as chia (Salvia hispanica) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) on the bromatological characteristics of functional foods, as well as the effect of technological variables on the production of fermented dairy products. These papers provide scientific evidence for developing foods with higher nutritional value, stability, and acceptability, contributing to agro-industrial diversification and the utilization of local resources.

From the perspective of nutrition and bioactive compounds, research evaluating the knowledge and nutraceutical benefits of agri-food by-products—such as prickly pear peel (Opuntia ficus-indica)—stands out, promoting their valorization and the development of sustainable utilization strategies within the framework of a circular economy.

This edition also encompasses studies related to sustainable agricultural production and plant health, including the evaluation of spatial distribution methods in High-Andean crops, integrated pest management in fruit species of economic importance, and the genetic variability of multi-eared maize (Zea mays L.) under High-Andean conditions. These investigations contribute to reducing the use of synthetic chemical inputs and strengthening resilient, environmentally responsible production systems.

In the field of animal health and pollinator protection, an updated review on varroosis in Apis mellifera is presented. This global issue compromises the sustainability of beekeeping and food security, highlighting sanitary challenges and management perspectives.

Furthermore, contributions linked to technological and environmental innovation are included, such as systematic reviews on the use of agro-industrial waste in the production of biodegradable packaging and the application of ozone in hydroponic systems. these demonstrate progress toward more efficient and clean production models aligned with the principles of sustainability and bioeconomy.

Altogether, the accepted articles reflect the thematic and methodological diversity of contemporary agricultural research, as well as the scientific community's commitment to generating rigorous, contextualized knowledge aimed at solving real-sector problems. Thus, Recialcia reaffirms its role as a space for scientific dissemination that promotes academic quality, interdisciplinarity, and the connection between science, territory, and society.

The Editorial Board thanks the authors, reviewers, and collaborators for their valuable contribution to the consolidation of this publication and renews its commitment to strengthening research in agricultural sciences in accordance with national and international editorial standards.

Effect of Thickener Use in Whole and Skim Milk for Set Yogurt Production

Daniela Laura — 2025-12-31

This study focuses on the effect of using thickeners in whole and skim milk through product standardization. Six treatments were formulated with different thickener dosages (1.2%, 1.4%, and 1.6%). Subsequently, acceptability was evaluated using a tasting panel. The results of the physicochemical, microbiological, and shelf-life analyses demonstrated that the developed product is safe, free from contamination, suitable for human consumption, and compliant with the parameters established by Bolivian standards. The cost analysis compared the different dosages and showed that as investment in raw materials increases, the marginal rate of return falls below the minimum rate of return, with the best production cost being Bs 64.44 per five liters of milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that a new dairy product was obtained that is nutritious, contamination-free, quality-certified, and economically profitable, representing an ideal alternative due to the properties that distinguish it from conventional yogurt and making it suitable for the general public.

Agroecological Community Workshops for the Medicinal and Food Use of Plants in Arroyo Naranjo, Havana

María Margarita Díaz de Armas — 2025-12-31

In the municipality of Arroyo Naranjo, the use of medicinal plants represents a traditional practice with significant potential for promoting community health and partially substituting conventional medications, particularly in the treatment of conditions related to blood pressure regulation and immune system strengthening. The objective of this study was to analyze the population’s level of knowledge, forms of use, and perceptions of medicinal plants with hypotensive, immunological, and nutritional properties, as well as to identify community-based strategies for their cultivation and dissemination. The research was conducted through participatory workshops and interviews with local residents and key stakeholders from the health sector, during which data were collected on the species used, preparation methods, and mechanisms of institutional and community coordination. The results showed that plants such as garlic and onion are widely recognized for both medicinal and dietary purposes; however, lower levels of awareness were observed for other species, such as cherry and hibiscus (roselle), despite their relevant therapeutic properties. In addition, the most commonly used preparation methods were decoctions and infusions, whereas topical applications were found to be infrequent. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to strengthen training processes and community coordination to promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants, emphasizing their value as a complementary alternative to the Basic List of Medicines of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health and as a strategic resource for the development of community-based health practices.

Evaluation of Spatial Distribution Methods on Yield and Morphology of Two Pea Cultivars under High-Andean Conditions

Victor Chavez Centeno — 2025-12-31

The optimization of planting techniques is a key factor in the productivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops in high Andean ecosystems. This study evaluated the effect of four seed spatial distribution methods (continuous stream, punch planting, triangular distribution, and square distribution) on the growth and yield of two pea cultivars (Alderman and Criolla) under a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement and four repetitions per treatment. Plant height, pod length, and yield per hectare were evaluated during the 2024 agricultural season in Huamanguilla, Huanta, Ayacucho. The results showed significant effects (p < 0.001) of the cultivar × distribution method interaction on all evaluated variables. The Alderman cultivar reached its maximum potential with square distribution, recording 152.4 ± 8.7 cm in height, 11.2 ± 0.6 cm in pod length, and 2658.3 ± 165.2 kg/ha in yield. The Criolla cultivar optimized its performance with triangular distribution, reaching 48.9 ± 3.1 cm in height, 8.1 ± 0.4 cm in pod length, and 1389.5 ± 72.8 kg/ha in yield. Geometric distribution methods outperformed the conventional control, generating productivity increases of 68% for Alderman and 49% for the Criolla variety. These findings provide empirical evidence for the implementation of differentiated planting strategies based on the genetic material used in high Andean productive systems.

Nutraceutical Benefits of Prickly Pear Peel (Opuntia ficus-indica): Knowledge Assessment in Iguaín, Huanta

Richard Retamozo-Ccorahua — 2025-12-31

This study describes the case of a rural community in which prickly pear peel is underutilized despite its nutraceutical properties. It reports on the level of knowledge and nutraceutical valuation among producers and consumers in the district of Iguaín, Huanta, Peru. The objective was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and the nutraceutical valuation of prickly pear peel among producers and consumers in this district. A quantitative approach was employed, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design. A structured survey was administered to 335 participants through probabilistic sampling, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, applying Spearman’s Rho coefficient. The results show a low level of specific knowledge regarding the compounds and properties of prickly pear peel; however, a positive disposition toward valuing it as a functional food is evident if adequate information is disseminated. Likewise, a positive and significant correlation was found between the level of knowledge and the valuation of its benefits. This case highlights the importance of food education and technical outreach as key tools to promote the utilization of by-products with high nutritional and economic potential.

Influence of the Proximate Chemical Composition of Chia and Quinoa on the Bromatological Characteristics of an Energy Bar

Abigail Davila-Perez — 2025-12-31

The consumption of processed foods with poor nutritional value is common today; in this context, chia and quinoa are presented as an alternative, as they are recognized for their nutritional benefits. To encourage the consumption of these seeds, an energy bar was developed, whose main objective was to determine the influence of the proximate chemical composition of chia and quinoa on the bromatological characteristics of an energy bar. The hypothetical-deductive methodology was used. Results were obtained for the physicochemical characteristics of the raw materials: chia (carbohydrates 62.35%, protein 14.32%, fat 3.86%, ash 1.53%, and fiber 6.87%) and quinoa (carbohydrates 67.47%, protein 10.47%, fat 3.62%, ash 2.70%, and fiber 4.31%). In the sensory evaluation, regarding color (4.10), flavor (4.40), and texture (3.40), treatment QCh2 (chia 39.34% and quinoa 26.23%) achieved the best results. In the proximate chemical analysis of the best treatment, QCh2 (chia 39.34% and quinoa 26.23%), the following values were obtained: moisture 12.10%, ash 2.11%, protein 6.36%, fat 3.67%, fiber 2.05%, and carbohydrates 73.71%, with a reported caloric content of 212.19 kcal per 30 g bar. The amino acid profile analysis reported 16 amino acids (8 essential and 8 non-essential). Likewise, the results of the microbiological analysis indicated that the presence of molds, total coliforms, and mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was within the parameters accepted by Digesa. In conclusion, treatment QCh2 (chia 39.34% and quinoa 26.23%) showed the highest acceptability in all evaluations.

Genetic Variability in Maize Lines (Zea mays L.) with Multiple Ears under High-Andean Conditions

Victor Chavez Centeno — 2025-12-31

Maize cultivated in Peru's central highlands faces productive limitations that compromise local food security. Prolificity, defined as the capacity to produce two or more ears per plant, represents a promising strategy to increase yield without expanding cultivated area. This study reports the identification of prolific lines in the germplasm bank of Agencia Agraria Chincheros Apurímac, contributing to the development of genetic alternatives for mountain agriculture. A total of 520 maize lines were phenotypically evaluated under open pollination conditions in two experimental plots located between 2,850 and 3,600 meters altitude. A descriptive observational design was applied, sampling 10 plants per line and recording the number of ears per plant as the main variable. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and classified into prolificity ranges. Results revealed that 97 lines (18.7%) presented prolific capacity, producing between two and five ears per plant. The distribution showed greater concentration in medium ranges (34.8%), while three exceptional lines reached the very high range (1.75-2.10 ears per plant). No adverse effects associated with multiple ear proliferation were recorded, maintaining normal vegetative vigor. The identification of prolific germplasm represents a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs oriented toward yield improvement. These lines offer potential to increase productivity between 50 and 100 percent per plant, constituting a sustainable alternative to strengthen food security in central highland ecosystems without requiring additional inputs.