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Effect of human urine enriched with Efficient Microorganisms

on the yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Peruanita variety

Effect of human urine enriched with Efficient Microorganisms on the yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

RESUMEN

This research was conducted in the community of Tranca Pampa- District of San Marcos de Rocchac, province

of Tayacaja Department of Huancavelica, Peru; in the agricultural campaign 2019- 2020, with the objective of

evaluating the effect of human urine enriched with efficient microorganisms on the yield of potato, peruanita

variety. A randomized complete block experimental design with three replications was used to test the effect

of 5 liters of urine plus EM, 10 liters of urine plus EM, 15 liters of urine plus EM and a witness without

application. Plant height at 120 and 210 days, number, and weight of tubers per plant at harvest were evaluated.

Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison tests of means at =0.05 were performed. The best

ABSTRACT

Esta investigación se realizó en la comunidad de Tranca Pampa- Distrito de San Marcos de Rocchac, provincia

de Tayacaja Departamento de Huancavelica, Perú; en la campaña agrícola 2019– 2020, con el objetivo de

evaluar el efecto de la orina humana enriquecida con microorganismos eficientes sobre el rendimiento de la

papa, variedad peruanita. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones,

para probar el efecto de 5 litros de orina más EM, 10 litros de orina más EM, 15 litros de orina más EM y un

control sin aplicación. Se evaluó la altura de la planta a los 120 y 210 días, el número y el peso de los tubérculos

por planta en la cosecha. Se realizaron, el análisis de la varianza y las pruebas de comparación múltiple de las

Keywords: Abono orgánico, liquido, papa nativa, biota benéfica.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

The district of Tayacaja - Huancavelica is a

predominantly Peruvian potato-producing area. Its

profitability is very low and sometimes does not

even cover the cost of production due to the high

cost of chemical fertilizers; therefore, it is

necessary to look for new organic fertilization

1 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad

Nacional de Huancavelica

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It is true that inorganic fertilization plays a

fundamental role in the plant nutrition of crops, but

its inadequate use causes alterations in soils, water,

environment, and human health. An alternative is

optimizing the physicochemical and biological

properties of the soil, provide nutrients to crops,

allowing in some cases, partially or totally cover

the demand of some nutrients in the soil.

Currently, several countries use urine as an organic

source in crop production. However, it is known

that Inca cultures traditionally used human urine as

a source of nutrients for plants. These hereditary

practices motivate researchers to conduct studies

on the importance of urine in crop production,

which is gaining market share due to its high

concentrations of N, P, K, S, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na, Cl

and other micronutrients, thus, it is possible to

reduce production costs in order to contribute to

mitigate poverty and malnutrition. Although

in three phases; the first in the prepared soil before

planting, the second after plant emergence and the

According to Richert et al. (2011), the use of urine

as a fertilizer can contribute to the alleviation of

poverty and malnutrition and improve the trade

balance of chemical fertilizer importing countries

if adopted on a large scale. Food security can be

is freely available to all, regardless of logistics and

economic resources. Safe handling of urine,

including its sanitization before use, is a key

of N per liter of urine can be expected. P in urine is

practically (95 to 100%) inorganic and is excreted

as phosphate ions (Lentner et al., 1981).

phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Nitrogen is

produced in high concentrations (mostly as urea),

while phosphate and potassium are found in

comparatively lower concentrations, in forms that

Urine was tested as a fertilizer for barley in Sweden

during the years 1997 to 1999 (Johansson et al.,

2001; Rodhe et al., 2004). The results showed that

the effect of urine N corresponds to about 90% of

the same amount of ammonium nitrate mineral

fertilizer, which is estimated to correspond to

100% of the same amount of ammonium fertilizer,

after considering the loss of N in the form of

ammonia from urine.

Given the growing interest in reducing the use of

agrochemicals and the alternative of organic

farming, efficient microorganisms (EM) constitute

an alternative to the use of fertilizers and

agrochemicals. Therefore, the task of conserving,

crop growth, increase moisture retention through

microbial action that degrades organic substrates,

leaving aside chemical fertilizers or artificial

fertilizers. Microorganisms that help regenerate

soils are called biofertilizers, since they increase

the availability of nutritional elements for plants,

being also advantageous for the biodiversity

present in soils, controlling pollution levels and

climate change mitigation (Lira, 2017).

Chavarría et al. (2005) mentioned that one of the

key factors for the use of any product based on

used, because they are better adapted to the

environmental conditions of the place.

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urine enriched with efficient microorganisms on

the yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.),

Peruvian variety.

Place of execution: The present research work was

carried out in the Pampas Tayacaja province,

district of San Marcos de Rocchac, place Tranca

Pampa; altitude 3,400 masl, latitude south 13° 52'

22.92.92'', longitude west 73° 34' 47.59'', average

temperature 10 °C, relative humidity 60%, average

annual rainfall 800 mm. During the 2019-2020

cropping season.

Type of research: The present research work

corresponds to the experimental type

Level of research: it belongs to the basic

explanatory research lever

experimental unit.

microorganisms on the potato crop, peruanita

variety; it was conducted with the Randomized

Complete Block Design (RCBD), evaluating four

treatments with three replications randomly

distributed in each block, making a total of 12

experimental units having five potato furrows per

experimental unit, 15 furrows per block and

Data collection: Plant height was evaluated at 120

and 210 days after sowing (dds), measured from

the neck of the plant to the terminal apex; the

evaluated at harvest in 5 randomly selected plant

samples per experimental unit, and the yield per

hectare was estimated taking into account the

average weight of tubers per plant and the number

of plants per hectare.

Human urine was collected in a 200 liter plastic

container, fermented for 15 days, kept in a

hermetically sealed dark container, with capacity

according to the treatments, and applied at two

times, via foliar application at 90 and 120 days

after planting.

The EM was bought from the distributor in a 1 liter

bottle. This was activated with cabuya chancaca

The potato seed was acquired from a producer,

then it was selected making sure that it corresponds

statistical software Infostat and the analysis of

variance (ANVA) of the variables and the

comparison of means with Duncan's multiple

comparisons test at = 0.05 were carried out.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Duncan's test for height of plant at 120 days.

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between the means of potato plant height; the

application of 15 and 10 liters of human urine plus

EM have similar effects and significantly exceed

the other treatments, likewise, the lower dose of

plant compared to the control. These results

indicate that the use of human urine plus ME favors

the growth of the potato plant, peruanita variety.

The three treatments with human urine plus EM

outperform the witness and as the dose of human

urine increases the height also increases (Mamani

et al., 2015); similar effects have been found in

other crops such as barley, broad bean, lettuce, etc.

In this regard, essayists mention that this difference

is due to the high concentration of nitrogen

contained in human urine, which when used as an

organic fertilizer influences the development of the

plant (Campos et al., 2013), additionally Dossier

copper, which effectively influenced plant growth

and development.

Number of tubers per plant

comparison of means test at a margin of error =

0.05 for the number of tubers at the time of harvest,

this test confirms that there is significant difference

in the number of tubers produced per plant.

In potato breeding studies it is common to apply

the technique of quantum selection, which is

referred to count the tubers of first, second, third,

among other categories, in order to achieve a

moderate intensity in the selection of

characteristics that involve visual difference (Tai

and Young, 1984). With this technique, the

parameters of number of tubers per plant were

plant for each treatment ranged from 18

Table 2. Duncan's test for the number of tubers per plant.

obtained in the treatments that received the highest

application of liquid organic fertilizers 15, 10, 5

liters of human urine plus EM and finally the

witness. These results are similar to work done by

Saquinga (2012) which indicates that the highest

average of 7.16 tubers, when placed in the second

range. Therefore, according to the statistical

evaluation of the number of tubers per plant, it is

feasible to affirm that the addition of liquid organic

fertilizers at higher doses increased the production

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Therefore, the application of urine enriched with

efficient microorganisms has a similar effect to

synthetic products, the difference being that it is

necessary to supplement them with grams of

nutrient per liter at the request of each crop.

Likewise, the results confirm what was reported by

fruits, it also increases the passivity to adverse

climatic conditions such as frost, hailstorms and

other limiting factors, it is ecological, compatible

with the environment and does not pollute the soil,

it is economical, it accelerates flowering, the plant

adapts better in the field in almacigo conditions, it

conserves better the NPK and Ca, complete to the

process of anaerobic decomposition which takes

full advantage of the nutrients; The N it contains is

in ammoniacal form, which is easily assimilated

microbiology, and has the additional advantage of

not being expensive (Manual de Agricultura

Alternativa, 2004). Therefore, it is possible to

affirm that the application of liquid organic

fertilizer based on human urine plus EM has a

favorable influence on the yield of the potato crop,

The application of liquid organic fertilizer based on

human urine plus EM, positively influences the

yield of potato crop of the peruanita variety.

The liquid organic sources of fermented human

urine and efficient microorganisms used in

combination become an alternative for the organic

production of native potato variety peruanita and

future research in other crops.

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decomposition which takes full advantage of the

nutrients; The N it contains is in ammoniacal form,

which is easily assimilated and does not acidify the

soil or affect its microbiology, and has the

(Manual de Agricultura Alternativa, 2004).

Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the

application of liquid organic fertilizer based on

human urine plus EM has a favorable influence on

the yield of the potato crop, Peruvian variety

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the inhabitants of the area of San Marcos

de Rocchac for their support; the Faculty of

Agronomic Sciences, National University of

Huancavelica, Campus "Ciudad Universitaria" for

supporting the experiment with instruments and

study spaces.

Chavarría, Marena; Uribe, Lidieth; Bolaños,

Dossier, R. 2006. Yaramila Hydrocomplex_

Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., Höglund, C., Richert

Lentner C, Lentner C, Wink A. 1981. Units of

http://ucbconocimiento.ucbcba.edu.bo/index.php/

Richert A, Gensch R, Jönsson H, Thor-Axel S,

Saquinga, S. 2012. Producción de tubérculo

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